Coronary Angiography

Coronary angiography, also known as coronary arteriography, is a medical imaging technique used to visualize the coronary arteries and diagnose coronary artery disease.

Procedure Overview

The procedure involves inserting a small catheter (a thin, flexible tube) into an artery in the leg or arm, and guiding it through the blood vessels to the heart. A special dye, called contrast agent, is then injected through the catheter and into the coronary arteries.

Step-by-Step Procedure

1. The patient is given a local anesthetic to numb the area where the catheter will be inserted.
2. A small incision is made in the skin, and the catheter is inserted into the artery.
3. The catheter is guided through the blood vessels to the heart using X-ray imaging.
4. Once the catheter reaches the coronary arteries, the contrast agent is injected, and X-ray images are taken to visualize the arteries.
5. The images are recorded on a computer or film, allowing the doctor to see the inside of the coronary arteries and diagnose any blockages or abnormalities.

Purpose and Benefits

Coronary angiography is used to:

• Diagnose coronary artery disease, including blockages and narrowing of the arteries.
• Plan treatment for coronary artery disease, such as angioplasty or bypass surgery.
• Monitor the effectiveness of treatment.
• Identify other heart conditions, such as cardiac tumors or congenital heart defects.

Risks and Complications

As with any medical procedure, coronary angiography carries some risks and complications, including:

• Bleeding or bruising at the catheter site.
• Infection.
• Damage to the blood vessels or heart.
• Allergic reaction to the contrast agent.
• Kidney damage (in rare cases).

Preparation and Aftercare

To prepare for coronary angiography, patients should:

• Avoid eating or drinking for several hours before the procedure.
• Tell their doctor about any medications they are taking.
• Remove any jewelry or clothing that may interfere with the X-ray images.

After the procedure, patients should:

• Rest for several hours to allow the catheter site to heal.
• Avoid heavy lifting or strenuous activity for several days.
• Follow their doctor's instructions for wound care and medication.

Contraindications

Coronary angiography may not be suitable for patients with certain medical conditions, including:

• Kidney disease or kidney failure.
• Severe allergy to contrast agents.
• Pregnancy or breastfeeding.

Alternatives and Related Procedures

Alternative procedures to coronary angiography include:

• Computed tomography (CT) angiography.
• Magnetic resonance imaging (MRI) angiography.
• Stress testing or echocardiography.

Related procedures include:

• Angioplasty and stenting.
• Coronary artery bypass grafting (CABG).
• Cardiac catheterization.