Coronary Angiogram

A coronary angiogram is a medical imaging test used to visualize the coronary arteries, which supply blood to the heart muscle. The test involves injecting a special dye into the coronary arteries through a catheter, and then taking X-ray images of the arteries to identify any blockages or abnormalities.

Why is it performed?

A coronary angiogram is typically performed to:

• Diagnose coronary artery disease (CAD), which occurs when the coronary arteries become narrowed or blocked due to atherosclerosis (plaque buildup)
• Identify the location and severity of any blockages in the coronary arteries
• Plan treatment for CAD, such as angioplasty or coronary artery bypass grafting (CABG)
• Monitor the effectiveness of treatment for CAD
• Investigate the cause of symptoms such as chest pain, shortness of breath, or fatigue

How is it performed?

The procedure typically involves the following steps:

1. The patient is given a local anesthetic to numb the area where the catheter will be inserted, usually in the groin or arm
2. A small incision is made in the skin and a catheter (a thin, flexible tube) is inserted into the artery
3. The catheter is guided through the blood vessels to the coronary arteries using X-ray imaging
4. A special dye (contrast agent) is injected into the coronary arteries through the catheter
5. X-ray images are taken of the coronary arteries, which show the flow of the contrast agent and any blockages or abnormalities
6. The catheter is removed and the incision site is closed with a small bandage or stitch

Risks and complications

As with any medical procedure, there are potential risks and complications associated with coronary angiogram, including:

• Bleeding or bruising at the catheter site
• Infection at the catheter site
• Damage to the blood vessels or surrounding tissues
• Allergic reaction to the contrast agent
• Kidney damage (in rare cases)
• Stroke or heart attack (in rare cases)

Preparation and aftercare

To prepare for a coronary angiogram, patients should:

• Avoid eating or drinking for several hours before the procedure
• Tell their doctor about any medications they are taking, including blood thinners and diabetes medications
• Remove any jewelry or clothing that may interfere with the X-ray images

After the procedure, patients should:

• Rest for several hours to allow the catheter site to heal
• Avoid heavy lifting or strenuous activities for several days
• Monitor the catheter site for signs of bleeding or infection
• Follow their doctor's instructions for taking medications and managing any symptoms

Results and interpretation

The results of a coronary angiogram are typically interpreted by a cardiologist or radiologist, who will look for:

• Narrowing or blockages in the coronary arteries
• Abnormalities in the blood flow through the coronary arteries
• Signs of coronary artery disease, such as plaque buildup or calcification

The results may be used to:

• Diagnose coronary artery disease
• Plan treatment for CAD, such as angioplasty or CABG
• Monitor the effectiveness of treatment for CAD