Cholecystitis

Cholecystitis is a medical condition characterized by inflammation of the gallbladder, which is a small organ located under the liver that stores bile to aid in digestion.

Causes and Risk Factors

• Gallstones: The most common cause of cholecystitis is the presence of gallstones, which can block the cystic duct and prevent bile from flowing out of the gallbladder.
• Bile duct obstruction: Blockage of the bile ducts can also lead to cholecystitis.
• Bacterial infection: Bacteria such as Escherichia coli (E. coli) and Klebsiella pneumoniae can infect the gallbladder and cause inflammation.
• Trauma: Physical injury to the abdomen can cause cholecystitis.
• Other medical conditions: Certain conditions, such as diabetes, high blood pressure, and obesity, may increase the risk of developing cholecystitis.

Symptoms

• Abdominal pain: Severe pain in the upper right or middle abdomen that may radiate to the back or right shoulder.
• Nausea and vomiting: Feeling queasy or vomiting, especially after eating fatty foods.
• Fever: Elevated body temperature, usually above 100.4°F (38°C).
• Chills: Feeling cold or having chills, even if the body temperature is normal.
• Jaundice: Yellowing of the skin and eyes due to bile buildup in the blood.

Diagnosis

• Physical examination: A doctor will perform a physical exam to check for tenderness in the abdomen.
• Imaging tests:
  • Ultrasound: Uses high-frequency sound waves to create images of the gallbladder and bile ducts.
  • Computed Tomography (CT) scan: Uses X-rays and computer technology to produce detailed cross-sectional images of the abdomen.
  • Magnetic Resonance Cholangiopancreatography (MRCP): A type of MRI that focuses on the bile ducts and pancreas.
• Blood tests: To check for signs of infection, inflammation, or liver damage.

Treatment

• Antibiotics: To treat bacterial infections.
• Pain management: Medications to control pain and discomfort.
• Fluid replacement: Intravenous fluids to prevent dehydration.
• Surgery:
  • Cholecystectomy: Surgical removal of the gallbladder, which may be performed laparoscopically or through an open incision.
  • Endoscopic retrograde cholangiopancreatography (ERCP): A procedure to remove blockages from the bile ducts.

Complications

• Gangrene: Tissue death in the gallbladder due to lack of blood flow.
• Perforation: Rupture of the gallbladder, which can lead to peritonitis (inflammation of the lining surrounding the abdominal organs).
• Sepsis: A life-threatening condition that occurs when bacteria enter the bloodstream and cause a severe infection.

Prevention

• Maintain a healthy weight: Obesity increases the risk of developing gallstones and cholecystitis.
• Eat a balanced diet: A diet low in fat and high in fiber can help reduce the risk of gallstone formation.
• Exercise regularly: Regular physical activity can help improve overall health and reduce the risk of gallbladder disease.