Childhood Vaccines

Childhood vaccines are a series of immunizations given to children from birth through adolescence to protect them against serious and potentially life-threatening diseases.

Purpose of Childhood Vaccines

The primary purpose of childhood vaccines is to provide immunity against infectious diseases, such as measles, mumps, rubella, polio, tetanus, diphtheria, pertussis, Haemophilus influenzae type b (Hib), hepatitis B, and varicella.

Types of Childhood Vaccines

• Inactivated vaccines: These vaccines contain killed or inactivated viruses or bacteria, such as the flu vaccine and the polio vaccine.
• Live, attenuated vaccines: These vaccines contain weakened or attenuated viruses or bacteria, such as the measles, mumps, and rubella (MMR) vaccine and the varicella vaccine.
• Toxoid vaccines: These vaccines contain inactivated toxins produced by bacteria, such as the tetanus and diphtheria toxoids.
• Conjugate vaccines: These vaccines combine a weakened bacterial strain with a carrier protein to enhance immune response, such as the Hib vaccine.

Vaccine Schedule

The Centers for Disease Control and Prevention (CDC) recommends a schedule of childhood vaccinations from birth through 18 years of age. The typical schedule includes:

• Birth: Hepatitis B vaccine
• 1-2 months: Rotavirus, diphtheria, tetanus, and pertussis (DTaP) vaccines
• 4-6 months: DTaP, Hib, polio, and pneumococcal conjugate vaccines
• 12-15 months: MMR, varicella, and Hib vaccines
• 4-6 years: DTaP, polio, MMR, and varicella vaccines
• 11-12 years: Tdap (tetanus, diphtheria, and pertussis) and meningococcal conjugate vaccines
• 16-18 years: Meningococcal conjugate and HPV (human papillomavirus) vaccines

Vaccine Safety

Childhood vaccines are extensively tested for safety and efficacy before they are approved by regulatory agencies, such as the US Food and Drug Administration (FDA). The most common side effects of childhood vaccines include:

• Pain, redness, or swelling at the injection site
• Fever
• Fussiness or irritability
• Loss of appetite

Vaccine Effectiveness

Childhood vaccines have been highly effective in preventing serious and potentially life-threatening diseases. According to the CDC, vaccination has:

• Eliminated smallpox worldwide
• Eliminated polio in the United States
• Reduced measles cases by 99% since the introduction of the MMR vaccine
• Reduced Haemophilus influenzae type b (Hib) cases by 99% since the introduction of the Hib vaccine

Contraindications and Precautions

Certain individuals may be contraindicated or require precautions when receiving childhood vaccines, including:

• Those with severe allergic reactions to previous doses of a vaccine or to components of the vaccine
• Those with weakened immune systems due to illness or medication
• Pregnant women (live vaccines only)
• Individuals with certain medical conditions, such as Guillain-Barré syndrome or thrombocytopenia

References

Centers for Disease Control and Prevention. (2022). Childhood Vaccines.

American Academy of Pediatrics. (2022). Vaccine Schedule.

World Health Organization. (2022). Vaccines and Immunization.