Chilblains

Chilblains is a medical condition that occurs when small blood vessels in the hands and feet become damaged due to cold temperatures. It is also known as pernio or chillblains.

What are Chilblains?

Chilblains is a non-freezing cold injury that affects the extremities, typically the fingers and toes. It occurs when the skin is exposed to cold temperatures, causing the small blood vessels to constrict and reduce blood flow to the affected area. This can lead to tissue damage and inflammation.

Symptoms of Chilblains

The symptoms of chilblains may include:

• Redness and swelling of the affected area
• Itching, burning, or tingling sensations
• Pain or tenderness in the affected area
• Blisters or ulcers on the skin
• Discoloration of the skin, such as blue or purple
• Numbness or stiffness in the affected area

Causes and Risk Factors of Chilblains

Chilblains is caused by exposure to cold temperatures, typically below 15°C (59°F). The risk factors for developing chilblains include:

• Prolonged exposure to cold temperatures
• Wet or damp conditions
• Poor circulation
• Smoking
• Age, with older adults being more susceptible
• Certain medical conditions, such as Raynaud's disease or lupus

Treatments for Chilblains

The treatment for chilblains typically involves warming the affected area and protecting it from further cold exposure. The following treatments may be recommended:

• Warming the affected area with warm water or a warm compress
• Elevating the affected area to reduce swelling
• Avoiding further cold exposure
• Using topical creams or ointments to promote healing and reduce pain
• Taking oral medications, such as pain relievers or vasodilators, to manage symptoms
• Wearing warm and protective clothing, such as gloves or socks, to prevent further exposure

Prevention of Chilblains

To prevent chilblains, the following measures can be taken:

• Dressing warmly in cold weather
• Avoiding prolonged exposure to cold temperatures
• Staying dry and avoiding wet or damp conditions
• Exercising regularly to improve circulation
• Quitting smoking
• Managing underlying medical conditions that may increase the risk of chilblains

Complications of Chilblains

If left untreated, chilblains can lead to complications such as:

• Infection
• Gangrene
• Nerve damage
• Permanent scarring or discoloration of the skin

Diagnosis of Chilblains

Chilblains is typically diagnosed based on a physical examination and medical history. The doctor may also perform tests such as:

• Blood tests to rule out underlying medical conditions
• Imaging tests, such as X-rays or ultrasound, to assess tissue damage