Cesarean Section

A cesarean section, also known as a C-section, is a surgical procedure used to deliver a baby through incisions made in the mother's abdomen and uterus.

Indications for Cesarean Section

• Prolonged labor or failure to progress in labor
• Fetal distress or abnormal fetal heart rate
• Placenta previa or placental abruption
• Multiple pregnancy (twins, triplets, etc.)
• Breech presentation or other abnormal fetal position
• Cephalopelvic disproportion (baby's head is too large for the mother's pelvis)
• Previous uterine surgery or cesarean section
• Maternal medical conditions, such as hypertension or diabetes

Types of Cesarean Sections

• Planned cesarean section: scheduled in advance, often for medical reasons
• Unplanned cesarean section: performed during labor due to complications
• Emergency cesarean section: performed immediately due to life-threatening complications
• Classical cesarean section: a vertical incision is made in the uterus
• Lower segment cesarean section (LSCS): a horizontal incision is made in the lower part of the uterus

Surgical Procedure

The procedure typically involves:

• Administration of regional anesthesia (spinal or epidural) or general anesthesia
• A horizontal incision (usually 10-20 cm long) is made in the abdomen, just above the pubic hair line
• The uterus is exposed and a second incision is made in the lower segment of the uterus
• The baby is delivered through the uterine incision
• The placenta is removed and the uterine incision is closed with sutures or staples
• The abdominal incision is closed with sutures, staples, or surgical glue

Risks and Complications

Possible risks and complications include:

• Infection of the uterus or abdomen
• Excessive bleeding or hemorrhage
• Damage to surrounding organs, such as the bladder or bowel
• Adhesions or scar tissue formation
• Breathing difficulties for the baby
• Increased risk of future pregnancy complications

Recovery and Postoperative Care

After a cesarean section, patients typically:

• Stay in the hospital for 2-4 days
• Receive pain management medication
• Have limited mobility and activity for several weeks
• Require assistance with breastfeeding and newborn care
• Attend follow-up appointments with their healthcare provider

Future Pregnancy Considerations

Women who have had a cesarean section may:

• Be at increased risk for complications in future pregnancies
• Require closer monitoring during future pregnancies
• Have a higher chance of needing a repeat cesarean section
• Be able to attempt a vaginal birth after cesarean (VBAC) in some cases