Cesarean Section
A cesarean section, also known as a C-section, is a surgical procedure used to deliver a baby through incisions made in the mother's abdomen and uterus.
Indications for Cesarean Section
- Prolonged labor or failure to progress in labor
- Fetal distress or abnormal fetal heart rate
- Placenta previa or placental abruption
- Multiple pregnancy (twins, triplets, etc.)
- Breech presentation or other abnormal fetal position
- Cephalopelvic disproportion (baby's head is too large for the mother's pelvis)
- Previous uterine surgery or cesarean section
- Maternal medical conditions, such as hypertension or diabetes
Types of Cesarean Sections
- Planned cesarean section: scheduled in advance, often for medical reasons
- Unplanned cesarean section: performed during labor due to complications
- Emergency cesarean section: performed immediately due to life-threatening complications
- Classical cesarean section: a vertical incision is made in the uterus
- Lower segment cesarean section (LSCS): a horizontal incision is made in the lower part of the uterus
Surgical Procedure
The procedure typically involves:
- Administration of regional anesthesia (spinal or epidural) or general anesthesia
- A horizontal incision (usually 10-20 cm long) is made in the abdomen, just above the pubic hair line
- The uterus is exposed and a second incision is made in the lower segment of the uterus
- The baby is delivered through the uterine incision
- The placenta is removed and the uterine incision is closed with sutures or staples
- The abdominal incision is closed with sutures, staples, or surgical glue
Risks and Complications
Possible risks and complications include:
- Infection of the uterus or abdomen
- Excessive bleeding or hemorrhage
- Damage to surrounding organs, such as the bladder or bowel
- Adhesions or scar tissue formation
- Breathing difficulties for the baby
- Increased risk of future pregnancy complications
Recovery and Postoperative Care
After a cesarean section, patients typically:
- Stay in the hospital for 2-4 days
- Receive pain management medication
- Have limited mobility and activity for several weeks
- Require assistance with breastfeeding and newborn care
- Attend follow-up appointments with their healthcare provider
Future Pregnancy Considerations
Women who have had a cesarean section may:
- Be at increased risk for complications in future pregnancies
- Require closer monitoring during future pregnancies
- Have a higher chance of needing a repeat cesarean section
- Be able to attempt a vaginal birth after cesarean (VBAC) in some cases
Frequently Asked Questions (FAQs)
What is a Cesarean section?
A surgical procedure to deliver a baby through incisions in the abdomen and uterus.
Why is a Cesarean section performed?
Typically due to complications or risks associated with vaginal delivery, such as fetal distress or placenta previa.
Is a Cesarean section a major surgery?
Yes, it is a significant surgical procedure that requires anesthesia and carries potential risks.
What types of anesthesia are used for a Cesarean section?
Typically regional anesthesia, such as spinal or epidural, or general anesthesia in some cases.
How long does a Cesarean section typically take?
Usually around 30-60 minutes to complete the surgery.
Can a woman have a vaginal birth after a Cesarean section (VBAC)?
Possibly, but it depends on individual circumstances and medical history.
What are common risks associated with a Cesarean section?
Infection, bleeding, blood clots, and potential complications for the baby, among others.
How long does recovery typically take after a Cesarean section?
Usually several weeks to several months, depending on individual healing and health factors.
Will a Cesarean section leave a noticeable scar?
Yes, it typically results in a permanent scar, usually low on the abdomen.
Are there any alternatives to a Cesarean section?
Possibly, such as vaginal delivery or other surgical interventions, depending on individual circumstances and medical conditions.
Article last updated on: 18th October 2025.
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