Cervical Cytology

Cervical cytology, also known as a Pap test or Pap smear, is a medical procedure used to detect abnormal cell changes in the cervix, which is the lower part of the uterus in the female reproductive system.

Purpose

The primary purpose of cervical cytology is to screen for precancerous and cancerous cells in the cervix. The test can help identify abnormal cell changes before they become cancerous, allowing for early intervention and treatment.

Procedure

The procedure involves collecting a sample of cells from the cervix using a specialized tool called a spatula or brush. The sample is then sent to a laboratory for examination under a microscope.

Steps Involved:

• A speculum is inserted into the vagina to hold it open and allow access to the cervix.
• A spatula or brush is used to collect a sample of cells from the cervix.
• The sample is placed in a liquid preservative or smeared onto a glass slide.
• The sample is sent to a laboratory for examination.

Types of Cervical Cytology Tests

There are two main types of cervical cytology tests:

• Conventional Pap test: This is the traditional method, where the sample is smeared onto a glass slide and stained with dye to highlight abnormal cells.
• Liquid-based cytology (LBC): This method involves collecting the sample in a liquid preservative, which helps to preserve the cells and improve the accuracy of the test.

Interpretation of Results

The results of a cervical cytology test are classified into several categories, including:

• Normal: No abnormal cell changes were detected.
• Abnormal: Abnormal cell changes were detected, which may require further testing or treatment.
• Unclear or inconclusive: The results are unclear or cannot be interpreted, and a repeat test may be necessary.

Risk Factors and Recommendations

Certain risk factors increase the likelihood of developing cervical cancer, including:

• Human papillomavirus (HPV) infection
• Smoking
• Weakened immune system
• Previous history of cervical cancer or precancerous cells

The American College of Obstetricians and Gynecologists (ACOG) recommends that women between the ages of 21 and 29 have a Pap test every 3 years, while women between the ages of 30 and 65 have a Pap test and HPV test every 5 years.