Central Nervous System Vascular Malformations

Central nervous system (CNS) vascular malformations are abnormal formations of blood vessels in the brain, spinal cord, or their surrounding tissues. These malformations can be present at birth or develop later in life and can cause a range of symptoms depending on their location and size.

Types of CNS Vascular Malformations

• Arteriovenous Malformations (AVMs): Abnormal connections between arteries and veins, which can lead to bleeding or rupture.
• Cavernous Malformations: Abnormal collections of blood vessels that can cause seizures, headaches, or other neurological symptoms.
• Capillary Telangiectasias: Small, benign vascular malformations that are often asymptomatic.
• Venous Malformations: Abnormalities of the venous system that can cause symptoms such as headaches or seizures.

Symptoms of CNS Vascular Malformations

Symptoms of CNS vascular malformations can vary depending on the location and size of the malformation. Common symptoms include:

• Seizures
• Headaches
• Weakness or numbness in the face, arm, or leg
• Vision changes or loss
• Hearing loss or tinnitus
• Bleeding or hemorrhage

Diagnosis of CNS Vascular Malformations

Diagnosis of CNS vascular malformations typically involves a combination of imaging tests, including:

• Magnetic Resonance Imaging (MRI)
• Computed Tomography (CT) scans
• Angiography
• Ultrasound

Treatment of CNS Vascular Malformations

Treatment of CNS vascular malformations depends on the type, size, and location of the malformation. Treatment options may include:

• Surgery to remove or repair the malformation
• Endovascular embolization to block blood flow to the malformation
• Radiosurgery to shrink or destroy the malformation
• Medications to manage symptoms such as seizures or headaches

Complications of CNS Vascular Malformations

CNS vascular malformations can cause a range of complications, including:

• Bleeding or hemorrhage
• Seizures or epilepsy
• Neurological deficits such as weakness or numbness
• Vision or hearing loss
• Hydrocephalus (fluid buildup in the brain)

Prognosis of CNS Vascular Malformations

The prognosis for CNS vascular malformations depends on the type, size, and location of the malformation, as well as the effectiveness of treatment. With proper diagnosis and treatment, many people with CNS vascular malformations can experience significant improvement in their symptoms and quality of life.