Cavernous Malformations

Cavernous malformations, also known as cavernomas or cavernous angiomas, are rare vascular lesions that can occur in the brain, spinal cord, or other parts of the body.

Definition and Characteristics

Cavernous malformations are abnormal collections of blood vessels that are characterized by their sponge-like appearance. They are composed of abnormally large capillary cavities, or caverns, that are filled with blood. These lesions can range in size from a few millimeters to several centimeters in diameter.

Causes and Risk Factors

The exact cause of cavernous malformations is not fully understood, but they are thought to be congenital, meaning they are present at birth. They can also be acquired later in life due to trauma, radiation, or other factors. Certain genetic conditions, such as familial cerebral cavernous malformation, can increase the risk of developing these lesions.

Symptoms

The symptoms of cavernous malformations vary depending on their location and size. Some common symptoms include:

• Seizures
• Headaches
• Weakness or numbness in the face, arm, or leg
• Difficulty with speech or vision
• Balance or coordination problems

Diagnosis

Cavernous malformations are typically diagnosed using imaging tests such as:

• Magnetic Resonance Imaging (MRI)
• Computed Tomography (CT) scans
• Angiography

Treatment

The treatment of cavernous malformations depends on their location, size, and symptoms. Some common treatment options include:

• Surgery to remove the lesion
• Radiosurgery to shrink the lesion
• Medications to control seizures or other symptoms
• Observation and monitoring with regular imaging tests

Complications

Cavernous malformations can be associated with several complications, including:

• Bleeding or hemorrhage
• Seizures
• Neurological deficits, such as weakness or numbness
• Hydrocephalus (fluid buildup in the brain)

Prognosis

The prognosis for individuals with cavernous malformations varies depending on the location and size of the lesion, as well as the presence of symptoms. With proper treatment and management, many people with cavernous malformations can lead normal lives.