Carotid Angioplasty and Stenting

Carotid angioplasty and stenting is a minimally invasive medical procedure used to treat carotid artery disease, which occurs when the carotid arteries, the main blood vessels that supply blood to the brain, become narrowed or blocked due to atherosclerosis (plaque buildup). The goal of the procedure is to restore blood flow to the brain and reduce the risk of stroke.

Indications

The procedure is typically recommended for patients who have:

• Narrowing of the carotid artery by 70% or more, as diagnosed by imaging tests such as ultrasound, CT angiography, or MRI angiography
• Symptomatic carotid stenosis, which means they have experienced a transient ischemic attack (TIA) or stroke due to the narrowing of the carotid artery
• High-risk features for surgery, such as prior neck radiation, high cervical lesions, or contralateral carotid occlusion

Procedure

The procedure involves the following steps:

1. A small incision is made in the groin area to access the femoral artery
2. A catheter (a thin, flexible tube) is inserted through the incision and guided through the blood vessels to the carotid artery using X-ray imaging
3. A balloon angioplasty is performed to widen the narrowed section of the carotid artery
4. A stent (a small, mesh-like device) is placed in the widened area to keep the artery open and improve blood flow
5. The catheter and other instruments are removed, and the incision is closed

Risks and Complications

As with any medical procedure, carotid angioplasty and stenting carries risks and potential complications, including:

• Stroke or TIA
• Death
• Bleeding or hematoma at the access site
• Vascular complications, such as pseudoaneurysm or arteriovenous fistula
• Nerve injury or cranial nerve palsy
• Radiation exposure from X-ray imaging

Post-Procedure Care

After the procedure, patients typically require:

• Blood pressure monitoring and management
• Pain management with medication
• Bed rest for several hours to prevent bleeding or complications at the access site
• Follow-up imaging tests to monitor the stent and blood flow in the carotid artery
• Lifestyle modifications, such as quitting smoking, exercising regularly, and maintaining a healthy diet, to reduce the risk of further vascular disease

Outcomes and Follow-Up

The success rate for carotid angioplasty and stenting is generally high, with:

• A significant reduction in stroke risk
• Improved blood flow to the brain
• Low rates of major complications

Regular follow-up appointments with a healthcare provider are necessary to monitor the stent and overall vascular health, as well as to adjust treatment plans as needed.