Cancer of the Uterus

Cancer of the uterus, also known as uterine cancer or endometrial cancer, is a type of cancer that occurs in the lining of the uterus (endometrium). It is one of the most common types of gynecologic cancers and typically affects women over the age of 50.

Types of Uterine Cancer

There are two main types of uterine cancer:

• Endometrial cancer: This type of cancer begins in the lining of the uterus (endometrium) and is the most common type of uterine cancer.
• Uterine sarcoma: This type of cancer begins in the muscle layer of the uterus (myometrium) or in the supporting tissues of the uterus, such as blood vessels or connective tissue. Uterine sarcomas are rare and account for only about 5% of all uterine cancers.

Symptoms of Uterine Cancer

The symptoms of uterine cancer may include:

• Abnormal vaginal bleeding: This is the most common symptom of uterine cancer, and it can occur after menopause or between periods.
• Pelvic pain: Pain in the pelvic area can be a symptom of advanced uterine cancer.
• Abnormal vaginal discharge: A watery or bloody discharge from the vagina can be a symptom of uterine cancer.
• Pain during urination: Pain while urinating (dysuria) can occur if the cancer has spread to the bladder or ureters.
• Pain during intercourse: Painful intercourse (dyspareunia) can occur if the cancer has spread to the vagina or other surrounding tissues.
• Weight loss: Unexplained weight loss can be a symptom of advanced uterine cancer.
• Fatigue: Feeling tired or weak can be a symptom of uterine cancer, especially if it has spread to other parts of the body.

Risk Factors for Uterine Cancer

Certain factors can increase a woman's risk of developing uterine cancer, including:

• Age: The risk of uterine cancer increases with age, and most cases occur in women over the age of 50.
• Obesity: Being overweight or obese can increase a woman's risk of developing uterine cancer.
• Hormone replacement therapy (HRT): Taking HRT, especially estrogen-only therapy, can increase the risk of uterine cancer.
• Family history: Having a family history of uterine cancer or other gynecologic cancers can increase a woman's risk.
• Genetic mutations: Certain genetic mutations, such as Lynch syndrome, can increase the risk of uterine cancer.

Treatments for Uterine Cancer

The treatment for uterine cancer depends on the stage and type of cancer, as well as the woman's overall health. Treatment options may include:

• Surgery: Surgery to remove the uterus (hysterectomy) is often the primary treatment for uterine cancer.
• Radiation therapy: Radiation therapy can be used to treat uterine cancer that has spread to other parts of the body or to relieve symptoms such as pain.
• Chemotherapy: Chemotherapy can be used to treat advanced uterine cancer or to reduce the risk of recurrence after surgery.
• Hormone therapy: Hormone therapy, such as progesterone, can be used to treat uterine cancer that is hormone-receptor positive.
• Targeted therapy: Targeted therapies, such as mTOR inhibitors, can be used to treat advanced uterine cancer.

Stages of Uterine Cancer

The stages of uterine cancer are:

• Stage I: The cancer is limited to the uterus and has not spread to other parts of the body.
• Stage II: The cancer has spread to the cervix, but not to other parts of the body.
• Stage III: The cancer has spread to the pelvic area, including the vagina, bladder, or rectum.
• Stage IV: The cancer has spread to distant parts of the body, such as the lungs, liver, or bones.

Prognosis and Survival Rates

The prognosis and survival rates for uterine cancer depend on the stage and type of cancer, as well as the woman's overall health. The 5-year survival rate for women with uterine cancer is:

• 91% for women with Stage I cancer
• 73% for women with Stage II cancer
• 57% for women with Stage III cancer
• 17% for women with Stage IV cancer

It's essential to note that these survival rates are based on data from the past and may not reflect current treatment options or outcomes. Women with uterine cancer should discuss their individual prognosis and treatment options with their healthcare provider.