Calcium Pyrophosphate Deposition Disease (CPPD)

Calcium pyrophosphate deposition disease (CPPD) is a type of arthritis that occurs when calcium pyrophosphate dihydrate crystals accumulate in the joints, leading to inflammation and joint damage.

Causes and Risk Factors

CPPD can be caused by a variety of factors, including:

• Age: CPPD is more common in older adults, with most cases occurring after the age of 60.
• Genetics: Some people may be born with a genetic predisposition to develop CPPD.
• Joint trauma: Injury to a joint can increase the risk of developing CPPD.
• Metabolic disorders: Certain metabolic disorders, such as hyperparathyroidism, can increase the risk of developing CPPD.

Symptoms

The symptoms of CPPD can vary depending on the severity of the condition and the joints affected. Common symptoms include:

• Joint pain and stiffness: Pain and stiffness in the affected joint, which can be severe and debilitating.
• Swelling and redness: Swelling and redness around the affected joint.
• Loss of mobility: Reduced range of motion in the affected joint.
• Fever: Some people may experience a fever, especially if the condition is caused by an infection.

Diagnosis

CPPD can be diagnosed using a combination of physical examination, medical history, and diagnostic tests. These tests may include:

• X-rays: To rule out other conditions, such as osteoarthritis or gout.
• Joint aspiration: A procedure in which fluid is removed from the joint to examine for crystals.
• Blood tests: To check for underlying metabolic disorders or infections.

Treatment

Treatment for CPPD typically involves a combination of medications and lifestyle modifications. These may include:

• Pain relief medications: Such as nonsteroidal anti-inflammatory drugs (NSAIDs) or corticosteroids to reduce pain and inflammation.
• Colchicine: A medication that can help reduce the frequency and severity of attacks.
• Physical therapy: To improve joint mobility and strength.
• Lifestyle modifications: Such as weight loss, exercise, and avoiding activities that aggravate the condition.

Complications

If left untreated, CPPD can lead to a range of complications, including:

• Chronic joint pain and stiffness: Permanent damage to the joint can occur if the condition is not properly managed.
• Joint deformity: The joint may become deformed or misshapen due to chronic inflammation and damage.
• Increased risk of infection: People with CPPD may be at increased risk of developing infections, such as septic arthritis.

Prognosis

The prognosis for CPPD varies depending on the severity of the condition and the effectiveness of treatment. With proper management, many people are able to manage their symptoms and prevent long-term damage to the joints.