Breast Cysts

Breast cysts are fluid-filled sacs within the breast that are usually benign (non-cancerous). They can occur in one or both breasts and are most common in women over 40 years old.

What are Breast Cysts?

Breast cysts are small, round or oval-shaped sacs filled with fluid. They can be simple or complex. Simple breast cysts are the most common type and are usually filled with a clear or straw-colored fluid. Complex breast cysts may contain solid material or debris and have a higher risk of being cancerous.

Symptoms of Breast Cysts

The symptoms of breast cysts can vary, but common signs include:

• A lump or swelling in the breast that is usually smooth and mobile
• Pain or tenderness in the breast, especially just before menstruation
• Fluctuating size of the lump, with changes throughout the menstrual cycle
• Nipple discharge, which can be clear, straw-colored, or bloody
• Breast tenderness or sensitivity to touch

Causes and Risk Factors of Breast Cysts

The exact cause of breast cysts is not known, but they are thought to be related to hormonal changes during the menstrual cycle. Risk factors for developing breast cysts include:

• Age: Breast cysts are more common in women over 40 years old
• Hormonal fluctuations: Changes in estrogen and progesterone levels can contribute to the development of breast cysts
• Family history: Women with a family history of breast cysts or breast cancer may be at higher risk
• Prior breast biopsies: Women who have had prior breast biopsies may be at higher risk for developing breast cysts

Treatments for Breast Cysts

Treatment for breast cysts depends on the size, location, and symptoms of the cyst. Common treatments include:

• Watchful waiting: Small, asymptomatic breast cysts may not require treatment and can be monitored with regular check-ups
• Aspiration: A needle is used to drain the fluid from the cyst, which can help relieve symptoms and confirm the diagnosis
• Surgical removal: Large or complex breast cysts may need to be surgically removed, especially if they are causing significant symptoms or are suspected to be cancerous
• Hormonal therapy: In some cases, hormonal medications such as birth control pills or tamoxifen may be prescribed to help reduce the size of the cyst and alleviate symptoms

Diagnosis of Breast Cysts

Breast cysts are typically diagnosed with a combination of physical examination, imaging tests, and biopsy. Diagnostic tests may include:

• Mammography: A low-dose X-ray exam to evaluate the breast tissue
• Ultrasound: A non-invasive test that uses sound waves to create images of the breast tissue
• Fine-needle aspiration biopsy: A needle is used to collect a sample of fluid or tissue from the cyst for examination under a microscope
• Core needle biopsy: A larger needle is used to collect a sample of tissue from the cyst for examination under a microscope

Complications and Prognosis of Breast Cysts

Most breast cysts are benign and do not increase the risk of breast cancer. However, complex breast cysts or those with suspicious features may require further evaluation and monitoring. In rare cases, breast cysts can:

• Become infected or inflamed, leading to abscess formation
• Grow large enough to cause discomfort or affect breast appearance
• Rupture, leading to bleeding or leakage of fluid into the surrounding tissue

Overall, breast cysts are a common and usually benign condition that can be effectively managed with proper diagnosis and treatment.