Breast Cancer

Breast cancer is a type of cancer that develops in the breast tissue. It occurs when abnormal cells in the breast grow and multiply uncontrollably, forming a tumor. Breast cancer is one of the most common types of cancer in women, but it can also occur in men.

Types of Breast Cancer

There are several types of breast cancer, including:

• Ductal Carcinoma: This type of breast cancer begins in the milk ducts and is the most common type of breast cancer.
• Lobular Carcinoma: This type of breast cancer begins in the lobules, which are the glands that produce milk.
• Inflammatory Breast Cancer: This type of breast cancer causes the breast to become red, swollen, and inflamed.
• Paget's Disease: This type of breast cancer affects the skin of the nipple and areola.
• Medullary Carcinoma: This type of breast cancer is a rare type that tends to occur in younger women.
• Tubular Carcinoma: This type of breast cancer is a rare type that tends to have a better prognosis than other types of breast cancer.

Symptoms of Breast Cancer

The symptoms of breast cancer can vary, but common signs include:

• A lump or thickening in the breast or underarm area
• Change in the size or shape of the breast
• Dimpling or puckering of the skin on the breast
• Nipple discharge or bleeding
• Scaliness or redness of the nipple or areola
• Pain or tenderness in the breast or underarm area

Risk Factors for Breast Cancer

Certain factors can increase a person's risk of developing breast cancer, including:

• Family history of breast cancer
• Genetic mutations (BRCA1 and BRCA2)
• Age (risk increases with age)
• Radiation exposure
• Hormone replacement therapy
• Obesity
• Lack of physical activity
• Alcohol consumption

Treatments for Breast Cancer

The treatment for breast cancer depends on the type and stage of the disease, as well as the individual's overall health. Common treatments include:

• Surgery (lumpectomy or mastectomy)
• Radiation therapy
• Chemotherapy
• Hormone therapy
• Targeted therapy
• Immunotherapy

Stages of Breast Cancer

Breast cancer is typically staged using the TNM system, which takes into account:

• T (tumor size)
• N (lymph node involvement)
• M (metastasis)

The stages of breast cancer are:

• Stage 0 (carcinoma in situ)
• Stage I (small tumor with no lymph node involvement)
• Stage II (larger tumor or lymph node involvement)
• Stage III (large tumor or extensive lymph node involvement)
• Stage IV (metastatic breast cancer)

Prognosis and Survival Rates

The prognosis for breast cancer depends on the stage and type of cancer, as well as the individual's overall health. The 5-year survival rate for breast cancer is:

• 99% for Stage 0
• 98% for Stage I
• 93% for Stage II
• 72% for Stage III
• 22% for Stage IV

Prevention and Screening

While there is no sure way to prevent breast cancer, certain measures can reduce the risk:

• Regular mammograms (starting at age 40)
• Clinical breast exams (every 1-3 years)
• Self-breast exams (monthly)
• Maintaining a healthy weight
• Exercising regularly
• Limited alcohol consumption
• Avoiding hormone replacement therapy