Brain Metastases

Brain metastases are cancerous tumors that have spread to the brain from other parts of the body. They are also known as secondary brain tumors or metastatic brain tumors.

Causes and Risk Factors

Brain metastases occur when cancer cells from another part of the body, such as the lungs, breast, skin, or colon, break away from the primary tumor and travel to the brain through the bloodstream or lymphatic system. The most common types of cancer that metastasize to the brain are:

• Lung cancer
• Breast cancer
• Melanoma (skin cancer)
• Colorectal cancer
• Kidney cancer
• Thyroid cancer

Symptoms

The symptoms of brain metastases can vary depending on the location and size of the tumor. Common symptoms include:

• Headaches
• Seizures
• Weakness or numbness in the face, arm, or leg
• Difficulty with speech, vision, or hearing
• Balance and coordination problems
• Nausea and vomiting
• Changes in personality or behavior

Diagnosis

Brain metastases are typically diagnosed using a combination of imaging tests, including:

• Magnetic Resonance Imaging (MRI)
• Computed Tomography (CT) scan
• Positron Emission Tomography (PET) scan

A biopsy may also be performed to confirm the diagnosis and determine the type of cancer that has metastasized to the brain.

Treatment Options

Treatment for brain metastases depends on the size, location, and number of tumors, as well as the overall health of the patient. Common treatment options include:

• Surgery to remove the tumor
• Whole-brain radiation therapy (WBRT) to kill cancer cells
• Stereotactic radiosurgery (SRS) to deliver high doses of radiation to specific areas of the brain
• Chemotherapy to kill cancer cells
• Targeted therapy to block the growth and spread of cancer cells

Prognosis

The prognosis for patients with brain metastases varies depending on the type and location of the primary tumor, as well as the effectiveness of treatment. In general, the 1-year survival rate for patients with brain metastases is around 20-30%, although this can vary significantly depending on individual factors.