Bone Marrow Biopsy and Aspiration

A bone marrow biopsy and aspiration is a medical procedure used to diagnose and monitor various blood disorders, such as anemia, leukemia, lymphoma, and other conditions affecting the blood and bone marrow.

What is Bone Marrow?

Bone marrow is the spongy tissue inside some of your bones, such as your hips and thighbones, that produces blood cells. It contains stem cells, which develop into red blood cells, white blood cells, and platelets.

Purpose of the Procedure

The purpose of a bone marrow biopsy and aspiration is to:

• Diagnose blood disorders, such as leukemia, lymphoma, or myelodysplastic syndrome
• Monitor the progression of a disease or its response to treatment
• Check for abnormal cells in the bone marrow
• Determine the cause of anemia, low platelet count, or low white blood cell count
• Assess the bone marrow's ability to produce healthy blood cells

The Procedure

A bone marrow biopsy and aspiration typically involves the following steps:

1. The patient lies on their side or back, and the skin over the hipbone is cleaned with an antiseptic solution.
2. A local anesthetic is injected into the skin and bone to numb the area.
3. A special needle is inserted through the skin and into the bone marrow. The doctor may use a drill or other device to help guide the needle.
4. For the aspiration, a syringe is attached to the needle, and a sample of liquid bone marrow (aspirate) is withdrawn.
5. For the biopsy, a small core of bone marrow tissue is removed using a special tool.
6. The samples are then sent to a laboratory for examination under a microscope.

Risks and Complications

As with any medical procedure, there are potential risks and complications associated with a bone marrow biopsy and aspiration, including:

• Bleeding or bruising at the needle site
• Infection
• Pain or discomfort at the needle site
• Nerve damage (rare)

Preparation and Aftercare

To prepare for a bone marrow biopsy and aspiration, patients should:

• Avoid taking aspirin or other blood-thinning medications for several days before the procedure
• Tell their doctor about any medications they are taking
• Wear comfortable clothing and avoid eating a heavy meal before the procedure

After the procedure, patients should:

• Avoid strenuous activities for several days
• Apply pressure to the needle site to stop any bleeding
• Monitor the site for signs of infection, such as redness or swelling

Results and Follow-up

The results of a bone marrow biopsy and aspiration are typically available within several days. The doctor will discuss the results with the patient and explain any necessary next steps.

Follow-up appointments may be scheduled to monitor the patient's condition, adjust treatment plans, or perform additional tests as needed.