Blood Pressure

Blood pressure refers to the force exerted by blood against the walls of blood vessels as it circulates throughout the body. It is a vital sign that is measured in millimeters of mercury (mmHg) and is typically expressed as two numbers: systolic pressure (the top number) and diastolic pressure (the bottom number).

What is Normal Blood Pressure?

A normal blood pressure reading is typically considered to be less than 120/80 mmHg. However, the American Heart Association defines the following categories:

• Normal blood pressure: Less than 120/80 mmHg
• Elevated blood pressure: 120-129/80 mmHg
• Stage 1 hypertension: 130-139/80-89 mmHg
• Stage 2 hypertension: 140 or higher/90 or higher mmHg

Causes of High Blood Pressure

High blood pressure, also known as hypertension, can be caused by a variety of factors, including:

• Genetics: Family history can play a role in the development of high blood pressure
• Age: Blood pressure tends to increase with age
• Obesity: Being overweight or obese can increase blood pressure
• Physical inactivity: Lack of exercise can contribute to high blood pressure
• Sodium intake: Consuming too much sodium can increase blood pressure
• Stress: Chronic stress can raise blood pressure
• Certain medical conditions: Such as kidney disease, sleep apnea, and adrenal gland tumors

Symptoms of High Blood Pressure

High blood pressure often does not have any noticeable symptoms, but it can cause:

• Headaches: Severe headaches can be a symptom of high blood pressure
• Dizziness: Dizziness or lightheadedness can occur when blood pressure is elevated
• Nosebleeds: Frequent nosebleeds can be a sign of high blood pressure
• Fatigue: Feeling tired or weak can be a symptom of high blood pressure

Treatment and Management

Treatment for high blood pressure typically involves a combination of lifestyle changes and medication. Lifestyle changes may include:

• Dietary changes: Eating a healthy, balanced diet that is low in sodium and rich in fruits, vegetables, and whole grains
• Exercise: Engaging in regular physical activity, such as walking or other aerobic exercises
• Weight loss: Losing weight if overweight or obese
• Stress reduction: Practicing stress-reducing techniques, such as meditation or deep breathing

Medications may also be prescribed to help lower blood pressure. These can include:

• Diuretics: Help the body get rid of excess fluid and salt
• Beta blockers: Slow the heart rate and reduce blood pressure
• ACE inhibitors: Relax blood vessels and reduce blood pressure
• Calcium channel blockers: Relax blood vessels and reduce blood pressure

Complications of Untreated High Blood Pressure

If left untreated, high blood pressure can lead to a range of serious health complications, including:

• Heart disease: High blood pressure can increase the risk of heart attack, stroke, and other cardiovascular diseases
• Kidney disease: High blood pressure can damage the kidneys and lead to kidney failure
• Vision loss: High blood pressure can cause vision problems and even blindness
• Cognitive decline: High blood pressure has been linked to an increased risk of dementia and cognitive decline