Blood Glucose

Blood glucose, also known as blood sugar, refers to the amount of glucose present in the blood. Glucose is a type of sugar that serves as the primary source of energy for the body's cells.

Normal Blood Glucose Levels

In a healthy individual, normal blood glucose levels typically range from 70 to 110 milligrams per deciliter (mg/dL) when fasting and less than 140 mg/dL two hours after eating. The American Diabetes Association recommends the following target blood glucose levels:

• Fasting: 80-130 mg/dL
• Before meals: 70-130 mg/dL
• 1-2 hours after meals: Less than 180 mg/dL

Factors Affecting Blood Glucose Levels

Several factors can influence blood glucose levels, including:

• Diet: Consuming high-carbohydrate or high-sugar foods can raise blood glucose levels.
• Physical activity: Regular exercise can help lower blood glucose levels.
• Medications: Certain medications, such as steroids and certain psychiatric medications, can increase blood glucose levels.
• Hormonal changes: Hormonal fluctuations during pregnancy, menopause, or stress can affect blood glucose levels.

Abnormal Blood Glucose Levels

Abnormal blood glucose levels can indicate an underlying medical condition. Hypoglycemia (low blood sugar) occurs when blood glucose levels fall below 70 mg/dL, while hyperglycemia (high blood sugar) occurs when levels exceed 180 mg/dL.

Hypoglycemia

Symptoms of hypoglycemia may include:

• Shakiness or tremors
• Dizziness or lightheadedness
• Nausea or vomiting
• Rapid heartbeat
• Sweating

Hyperglycemia

Symptoms of hyperglycemia may include:

• Increased thirst and urination
• Blurred vision
• Fatigue or weakness
• Flushing or redness of the skin

Diagnosis and Treatment

Blood glucose levels can be measured using a glucometer or through laboratory tests. Treatment for abnormal blood glucose levels depends on the underlying cause and may involve lifestyle modifications, such as dietary changes and exercise, as well as medication.

Lifestyle Modifications

Healthy lifestyle habits can help regulate blood glucose levels:

• Eating a balanced diet that is low in added sugars and refined carbohydrates
• Engaging in regular physical activity, such as walking or other aerobic exercises
• Maintaining a healthy weight
• Getting adequate sleep and managing stress

Medications

Medications may be prescribed to help regulate blood glucose levels:

• Metformin: A medication that decreases glucose production in the liver and increases insulin sensitivity.
• Sulfonylureas: Medications that stimulate insulin release from the pancreas.
• Insulin therapy: Administering insulin via injection or pump to help regulate blood glucose levels.