Bleeding Between Periods

Bleeding between periods, also known as intermenstrual bleeding or metrorrhagia, is a common gynecological symptom that can be caused by a variety of factors. It is characterized by vaginal bleeding that occurs at irregular intervals, outside of the normal menstrual cycle.

Causes

• Hormonal Imbalance: Changes in hormone levels, particularly estrogen and progesterone, can cause bleeding between periods. This can be due to polycystic ovary syndrome (PCOS), thyroid disorders, or other endocrine conditions.
• Uterine Fibroids: Non-cancerous growths in the uterus can cause irregular bleeding, including bleeding between periods.
• Endometrial Hyperplasia: A condition where the lining of the uterus becomes too thick, leading to irregular bleeding.
• Cervical Polyps: Small growths on the cervix can cause bleeding between periods.
• Infections: Pelvic inflammatory disease (PID), yeast infections, or other infections can cause bleeding between periods.
• Contraceptives: Certain types of birth control, such as intrauterine devices (IUDs) or hormonal contraceptives, can cause irregular bleeding.
• Cancer: In rare cases, bleeding between periods can be a symptom of cervical, uterine, or ovarian cancer.

Symptoms

Women experiencing bleeding between periods may notice:

• Light spotting or heavy bleeding
• Bleeding that occurs at irregular intervals
• Bleeding that lasts for a few days or persists for several weeks
• Pelvic pain or cramping
• Abnormal vaginal discharge

Diagnosis

To diagnose the cause of bleeding between periods, a healthcare provider may:

• Perform a physical exam and pelvic exam
• Take a medical history
• Order laboratory tests, such as blood work or urinalysis
• Conduct imaging studies, such as ultrasound or MRI
• Perform a biopsy or endometrial sampling

Treatment

Treatment for bleeding between periods depends on the underlying cause and may include:

• Hormonal Therapy: To regulate hormone levels and reduce bleeding.
• Medications: Such as nonsteroidal anti-inflammatory drugs (NSAIDs) or tranexamic acid to reduce bleeding.
• Surgery: To remove uterine fibroids, polyps, or other growths.
• Contraceptives: To regulate menstrual cycles and reduce bleeding.
• Lifestyle Changes: Such as maintaining a healthy weight, exercising regularly, and managing stress.

When to Seek Medical Attention

Women should seek medical attention if they experience:

• Heavy or prolonged bleeding
• Severe pelvic pain or cramping
• Fever or chills
• Vaginal discharge or odor
• Bleeding that is accompanied by other symptoms, such as dizziness or fainting.