Bipolar Disorder

Bipolar disorder, also known as manic-depressive illness, is a mental health condition that causes extreme mood swings that include emotional highs (mania or hypomania) and lows (depression). The exact cause of bipolar disorder is not known, but it is believed to be a combination of genetic, environmental, and neurological factors.

Symptoms

The symptoms of bipolar disorder can vary depending on the type of mood episode. There are four types of mood episodes:

• Manic Episode: A manic episode is a period of abnormally elevated or irritable mood that lasts for at least one week. Symptoms include:
  • Inflated self-esteem or grandiosity
  • Decreased need for sleep
  • More talkative than usual or feeling pressure to keep talking
  • Flight of ideas or racing thoughts
  • Distractibility
  • Increase in goal-directed activity or psychomotor agitation
  • Excessive involvement in pleasurable activities that have a high potential for painful consequences
• Hypomanic Episode: A hypomanic episode is a period of abnormally elevated or irritable mood that lasts for at least four consecutive days. Symptoms are similar to those of a manic episode, but less severe.
• Major Depressive Episode: A major depressive episode is a period of at least two weeks of depressed mood or loss of interest in activities. Symptoms include:
  • Depressed mood most of the day
  • Markedly diminished interest or pleasure in all, or almost all, activities most of the day
  • Significant weight loss or gain
  • Insomnia or hypersomnia
  • Psychomotor agitation or retardation
  • Fatigue or loss of energy
  • Feelings of worthlessness or guilt
  • Diminished ability to think or concentrate
  • Recurrent thoughts of death or suicidal ideation
• Mixed Episode: A mixed episode is a period of at least one week where symptoms of mania and depression occur simultaneously.

Treatments

Treatment for bipolar disorder usually involves a combination of medications and psychotherapy. The goal of treatment is to help manage symptoms, prevent relapse, and improve quality of life.

• Medications:
  • Mood Stabilizers: Lithium, valproate, and carbamazepine are commonly used to treat manic episodes and prevent relapse.
  • Antipsychotics: Olanzapine, risperidone, and quetiapine can be used to treat manic or mixed episodes, and may also be used for maintenance treatment.
  • Antidepressants: Selective serotonin reuptake inhibitors (SSRIs) and bupropion may be used to treat depressive episodes, but are usually used in combination with a mood stabilizer to prevent manic episodes.
• Psychotherapy:
  • Cognitive-Behavioral Therapy (CBT): Helps individuals identify and change negative thought patterns and behaviors that contribute to their symptoms.
  • Family-Focused Therapy: Educates family members about bipolar disorder, and helps them develop skills to cope with the condition and support their loved one.
  • Interpersonal and Social Rhythm Therapy (IPSRT): Helps individuals establish a regular daily routine, improve relationships, and manage stress.
• Lifestyle Changes:
  • Sleep Hygiene: Establishing a regular sleep schedule can help regulate mood and reduce symptoms.
  • Exercise: Regular physical activity can help improve mood and reduce stress.
  • Stress Management: Techniques such as meditation, yoga, or deep breathing can help manage stress and reduce symptoms.

Types of Bipolar Disorder

There are four types of bipolar disorder:

• Bipolar I Disorder: Characterized by at least one manic episode, with or without depressive episodes.
• Bipolar II Disorder: Characterized by at least one major depressive episode and at least one hypomanic episode.
• Cyclothymic Disorder: Characterized by periods of hypomania and depression that last for at least two years, but do not meet the diagnostic requirements for a manic or major depressive episode.
• Other Specified Bipolar and Related Disorders: This category includes conditions that do not meet the full diagnostic criteria for bipolar disorder, but still cause significant distress or impairment.