Biopsy

A biopsy is a medical procedure that involves the removal of a small sample of tissue from the body for examination under a microscope. The purpose of a biopsy is to diagnose and monitor various diseases, including cancer.

Types of Biopsies

• Excisional biopsy: This type of biopsy involves removing an entire tumor or abnormal area of tissue for examination.
• Incisional biopsy: This type of biopsy involves removing a small sample of tissue from a larger tumor or abnormal area.
• Punch biopsy: This type of biopsy uses a special tool to remove a small, cylindrical sample of tissue.
• Needle biopsy: This type of biopsy uses a needle to remove a small sample of tissue or fluid from the body.
• Endoscopic biopsy: This type of biopsy uses an endoscope (a flexible tube with a camera and light on the end) to visualize the area and remove a sample of tissue.
• Image-guided biopsy: This type of biopsy uses imaging technologies such as ultrasound, CT scan, or MRI to guide the needle or other instrument to the correct location for sampling.

How a Biopsy is Performed

The procedure for performing a biopsy varies depending on the type of biopsy and the location of the tissue sample. Generally, the following steps are involved:

1. The area where the biopsy will be performed is cleaned and numbed with a local anesthetic.
2. A small incision may be made in the skin to allow for the insertion of a needle or other instrument.
3. The tissue sample is removed using a needle, scalpel, or other instrument.
4. The sample is then sent to a laboratory for examination under a microscope.

Purpose of a Biopsy

A biopsy can be used to:

• Diagnose cancer and determine the type and stage of the disease.
• Monitor the progression of a disease or condition.
• Check for the presence of abnormal cells or tissues.
• Determine the effectiveness of treatment.

Risks and Complications

As with any medical procedure, there are risks and complications associated with a biopsy. These may include:

• Bleeding or bruising at the site of the biopsy.
• Infection.
• Pain or discomfort at the site of the biopsy.
• Damage to surrounding tissues or organs.

After the Biopsy

After a biopsy, the following may occur:

• The area where the biopsy was performed may be sore or tender for several days.
• A dressing or bandage may be applied to protect the site and promote healing.
• Antibiotics may be prescribed to prevent infection.
• Results from the biopsy may take several days to several weeks to become available.

Interpreting Biopsy Results

The results of a biopsy are typically interpreted by a pathologist, who examines the tissue sample under a microscope and looks for abnormal cells or tissues. The results may indicate:

• The presence or absence of cancer.
• The type and stage of cancer (if present).
• The effectiveness of treatment.