Bicuspid Aortic Valve

A bicuspid aortic valve (BAV) is a congenital heart defect where the aortic valve, which regulates blood flow from the heart to the rest of the body, has only two cusps instead of the normal three. This condition affects approximately 1-2% of the population and is more common in males than females.

Causes and Risk Factors

The exact cause of BAV is unknown, but it is believed to be related to genetic factors, as it often runs in families. Other risk factors include:

• Family history of BAV or other heart defects
• Pregnancy complications, such as maternal diabetes or rubella infection
• Genetic syndromes, such as Turner syndrome or Marfan syndrome

Symptoms

Many people with BAV do not experience symptoms until later in life. However, some common symptoms include:

• Chest pain or discomfort (angina)
• Shortness of breath (dyspnea)
• Fatigue
• Dizziness or lightheadedness
• Palpitations or irregular heartbeat

Diagnosis

BAV is typically diagnosed using:

• Echocardiogram (ultrasound of the heart)
• Chest X-ray
• Electrocardiogram (ECG or EKG)
• Cardiac catheterization
• Magnetic resonance imaging (MRI) or computed tomography (CT) scan

Treatment and Management

Treatment for BAV depends on the severity of the condition and may include:

• Monitoring with regular echocardiograms and check-ups
• Medications to manage symptoms, such as beta blockers or diuretics
• Aortic valve repair or replacement surgery
• Lifestyle modifications, such as avoiding strenuous exercise or managing stress

Complications

If left untreated, BAV can lead to complications, including:

• Aortic stenosis (narrowing of the aortic valve)
• Aortic regurgitation (leakage of the aortic valve)
• Aortic aneurysm or dissection
• Endocarditis (infection of the heart valves)
• Sudden cardiac death

Prognosis

The prognosis for BAV varies depending on the severity of the condition and the effectiveness of treatment. With proper management, many people with BAV can lead active and normal lives. However, regular monitoring and follow-up care are essential to prevent complications and ensure optimal outcomes.