Basal Cell Carcinoma

Basal cell carcinoma (BCC) is a type of skin cancer that originates in the basal cell layer of the skin. It is the most common form of skin cancer and is typically slow-growing and non-aggressive.

What is Basal Cell Carcinoma?

BCC is a malignant tumor that arises from the basal cells, which are the deepest layer of cells in the epidermis (the outermost layer of skin). These cells play a crucial role in the production of new skin cells and the repair of damaged skin. When these cells become cancerous, they can form a tumor that can invade surrounding tissues and cause damage.

Symptoms of Basal Cell Carcinoma

The symptoms of BCC may vary depending on the location and size of the tumor. Common symptoms include:

• A small, shiny bump or nodule on the skin, often with a pearl-like appearance
• A flat, reddish patch on the skin that may be itchy or tender
• A sore or ulcer that does not heal and may bleed or ooze
• A yellow or white waxy area on the skin that may be slightly raised
• A pink or red growth with a crusty or scaly surface

Types of Basal Cell Carcinoma

There are several subtypes of BCC, including:

• Nodular BCC: the most common subtype, characterized by a small, shiny bump on the skin
• Superficial BCC: a flat, reddish patch on the skin that may be itchy or tender
• Morphoeic BCC: a rare and aggressive subtype that can invade surrounding tissues
• Pigmented BCC: a subtype with pigment (melanin) in the tumor, which can make it appear darker than the surrounding skin

Causes and Risk Factors of Basal Cell Carcinoma

The exact cause of BCC is not known, but several risk factors have been identified, including:

• Exposure to ultraviolet (UV) radiation from the sun or tanning beds
• Fair skin and light hair
• A family history of skin cancer
• Weakened immune system
• Previous radiation therapy
• Certain genetic disorders, such as nevoid basal cell carcinoma syndrome

Treatments for Basal Cell Carcinoma

The treatment of BCC depends on the size, location, and subtype of the tumor. Common treatments include:

• Surgical excision: removal of the tumor and surrounding tissue
• Mohs surgery: a specialized surgical technique that removes the tumor layer by layer
• Cryotherapy: freezing the tumor with liquid nitrogen to destroy cancer cells
• Topical creams or ointments: applying medications directly to the skin to treat superficial BCC
• Radiation therapy: using high-energy rays to kill cancer cells
• Photodynamic therapy: using a special light to activate a medication that kills cancer cells

Prevention of Basal Cell Carcinoma

To reduce the risk of developing BCC, it is essential to:

• Protect the skin from UV radiation by wearing protective clothing and seeking shade
• Use sunscreen with a Sun Protection Factor (SPF) of at least 30
• Avoid tanning beds and artificial sources of UV radiation
• Perform regular self-examinations to detect any changes in the skin
• See a dermatologist for annual skin checks, especially if you have a family history of skin cancer or are at high risk