Bacterial Vaginosis (BV)

Bacterial vaginosis (BV) is a type of vaginal infection caused by an imbalance of naturally occurring bacteria in the vagina. It is one of the most common vaginal infections in women of childbearing age.

Causes and Risk Factors

• The exact cause of BV is not fully understood, but it is thought to occur when there is a disruption in the natural balance of bacteria in the vagina.
• Risk factors for developing BV include:
• Having multiple sex partners or a new sex partner
• Douching or using scented soaps and bubble baths
• Using an intrauterine device (IUD) for birth control
• Pregnancy
• Weakened immune system

Symptoms

• The most common symptom of BV is a thin, white or gray vaginal discharge with a strong, fishy odor.
• Other symptoms may include:
• Vaginal itching or burning
• Redness and swelling of the vagina
• Painful urination
• Pain during sex
• Some women with BV may not experience any symptoms at all.

Diagnosis

BV is typically diagnosed based on a combination of:

• Medical history and physical examination
• Vaginal discharge examination, including pH testing and microscopic examination
• Culture or DNA testing to identify the presence of specific bacteria

Treatment

BV is usually treated with antibiotics, either in the form of:

• Metronidazole (Flagyl) tablets or gel
• Clindamycin (Cleocin) cream or suppositories
• Tinidazole (Tindamax) tablets

It is essential to complete the full course of treatment, even if symptoms improve before finishing the medication.

Complications and Prevention

• If left untreated, BV can increase the risk of:
• Pelvic inflammatory disease (PID)
• Preterm labor and birth
• Low birth weight babies
• Increased risk of HIV and other sexually transmitted infections (STIs)
• To reduce the risk of developing BV:
• Avoid douching or using scented soaps and bubble baths
• Wear breathable clothing and cotton underwear
• Practice safe sex, including using condoms
• Get regular check-ups with a healthcare provider

Pregnancy and BV

BV during pregnancy can increase the risk of preterm labor and birth. Pregnant women with BV should be treated with antibiotics to reduce this risk.

Recurrence

BV can recur, even after successful treatment. Women who experience recurrent BV may need to undergo further testing or receive alternative treatments.