Atrioventricular Septal Defect

An atrioventricular septal defect (AVSD) is a congenital heart defect that occurs when there is a hole in the wall between the heart's chambers, specifically affecting the area where the atria and ventricles meet. This condition is also known as an atrioventricular canal defect or endocardial cushion defect.

Types of AVSD

There are two main types of AVSD:

• Partial AVSD: In this type, there is a hole in the wall between the atria (upper chambers) and the ventricles (lower chambers), but the valves between the atria and ventricles are separate.
• Complete AVSD: In this type, there is a large hole in the wall between the atria and ventricles, and the valves between the atria and ventricles are shared or combined.

Causes and Risk Factors

The exact cause of AVSD is not known, but it is believed to occur during fetal development when the heart is forming. Certain risk factors may increase the likelihood of having a child with AVSD, including:

• Family history of congenital heart defects
• Pregnancy complications, such as diabetes or rubella infection
• Genetic syndromes, such as Down syndrome

Symptoms

The symptoms of AVSD can vary depending on the severity of the defect and the age of the child. Common symptoms include:

• Shortness of breath or difficulty breathing
• Fatigue or tiredness
• Poor feeding or failure to gain weight in infants
• Rapid heartbeat or palpitations
• Coughing or wheezing

Diagnosis

AVSD is typically diagnosed using a combination of the following tests:

• Echocardiogram: An ultrasound test that uses sound waves to create images of the heart and its blood vessels.
• Chest X-ray: A test that uses radiation to take pictures of the heart and lungs.
• Electrocardiogram (ECG or EKG): A test that measures the electrical activity of the heart.
• Cardiac catheterization: A procedure that involves inserting a thin tube into an artery in the leg and guiding it to the heart to measure blood pressure and oxygen levels.

Treatment

The treatment for AVSD depends on the severity of the defect and the age of the child. Treatment options may include:

• Surgery: To repair or replace the defective heart valves and close the hole in the septum.
• Medications: To manage symptoms such as high blood pressure, heart failure, or arrhythmias.
• Catheter-based procedures: To close the hole in the septum using a device inserted through a catheter.

Prognosis

The prognosis for children with AVSD is generally good, especially if the defect is diagnosed and treated early. With proper treatment, most children with AVSD can lead active and normal lives. However, some may require ongoing medical care and monitoring to manage any potential complications or related conditions.