Atrial Flutter

Atrial flutter is a type of supraventricular tachycardia characterized by a rapid but regular atrial rhythm. It occurs when there is an abnormal electrical circuit in the atria, which are the upper chambers of the heart.

Causes and Risk Factors

Atrial flutter can be caused by various factors, including:

• High blood pressure
• Coronary artery disease
• Heart failure
• Chronic obstructive pulmonary disease (COPD)
• Pulmonary embolism
• Surgical procedures, such as heart surgery or lung surgery
• Certain medications, such as theophylline and caffeine

Symptoms

The symptoms of atrial flutter may include:

• Palpitations or irregular heartbeat
• Shortness of breath
• Chest pain or discomfort
• Fatigue or weakness
• Lightheadedness or dizziness
• Syncope (fainting)

Diagnosis

Atrial flutter is typically diagnosed using:

• Electrocardiogram (ECG or EKG): a test that measures the electrical activity of the heart
• Holter monitor: a portable device that records the heart's rhythm over a 24-hour period
• Echocardiogram: an ultrasound test that evaluates the heart's structure and function

Treatment

The treatment of atrial flutter depends on the underlying cause and severity of symptoms. Options may include:

• Medications to control the heart rate, such as beta blockers or calcium channel blockers
• Medications to convert the abnormal rhythm back to normal, such as anti-arrhythmic medications
• Electrical cardioversion: a procedure that uses electrical shocks to restore a normal heartbeat
• Catheter ablation: a minimally invasive procedure that destroys the abnormal electrical circuit in the atria

Complications

If left untreated, atrial flutter can lead to complications such as:

• Stroke or transient ischemic attack (TIA)
• Heart failure
• Cardiac arrest

Prevention

To reduce the risk of developing atrial flutter, it is essential to:

• Maintain a healthy blood pressure
• Manage underlying medical conditions, such as COPD or heart failure
• Avoid excessive caffeine and alcohol consumption
• Get regular exercise and maintain a healthy weight