Aseptic Meningitis

Aseptic meningitis is a form of meningitis that is not caused by bacterial infection. The term "aseptic" refers to the absence of bacterial or other microbial contamination. This condition is characterized by inflammation of the meninges, which are the protective membranes covering the brain and spinal cord.

Causes

Aseptic meningitis can be caused by a variety of factors, including:

• Viral infections: Such as enteroviruses, herpes simplex virus, and human immunodeficiency virus (HIV)
• Fungal infections: Rarely, fungal infections such as cryptococcal meningitis can cause aseptic meningitis
• Parasitic infections: Certain parasites, such as Toxoplasma gondii, can cause aseptic meningitis
• Non-infectious causes: Such as cancer, autoimmune disorders (e.g., lupus), and certain medications (e.g., non-steroidal anti-inflammatory drugs)

Symptoms

The symptoms of aseptic meningitis can vary depending on the underlying cause, but common symptoms include:

• Headache: Often severe and persistent
• Fever: May be present, but not always
• Stiff neck: Difficulty moving the neck due to stiffness or pain
• Nausea and vomiting
• Photophobia (sensitivity to light)
• Confusion or altered mental status

Diagnosis

Diagnosing aseptic meningitis typically involves a combination of the following:

• Physical examination: To assess for signs of meningeal irritation (e.g., stiff neck, headache)
• Laboratory tests: Such as complete blood count (CBC), blood cultures, and cerebrospinal fluid (CSF) analysis
• Imaging studies: Such as computed tomography (CT) or magnetic resonance imaging (MRI) scans to rule out other conditions

Treatment

Treatment for aseptic meningitis depends on the underlying cause, but may include:

• Antiviral medications: For viral causes, such as herpes simplex virus
• Antifungal medications: For fungal causes, such as cryptococcal meningitis
• Anti-parasitic medications: For parasitic causes, such as Toxoplasma gondii
• Corticosteroids: To reduce inflammation and swelling in the meninges
• Supportive care: Such as pain management, hydration, and rest

Prognosis

The prognosis for aseptic meningitis varies depending on the underlying cause and the individual's overall health. In general, most people with viral causes of aseptic meningitis recover fully within 1-2 weeks, while those with fungal or parasitic causes may require longer treatment and have a higher risk of complications.