Aphthous Ulcer

An aphthous ulcer, also known as a canker sore, is a small, shallow lesion that develops on the soft tissues in the mouth or at the base of the gums. These ulcers are typically round or oval in shape and can be painful, especially when eating, drinking, or speaking.

Causes and Risk Factors

The exact cause of aphthous ulcers is not fully understood, but several factors may contribute to their development, including:

• Trauma to the mouth, such as biting the inside of the cheek or tongue
• Food sensitivities, particularly to acidic or spicy foods
• Hormonal changes during menstruation or menopause
• Nutritional deficiencies, including vitamin B12, iron, or folic acid deficiency
• Stress and anxiety
• Genetic predisposition
• Certain medical conditions, such as celiac disease, Crohn's disease, or ulcerative colitis

Symptoms

The symptoms of an aphthous ulcer may include:

• A small, shallow lesion on the soft tissues in the mouth or at the base of the gums
• Pain or tenderness when eating, drinking, or speaking
• Redness and inflammation around the affected area
• A white or yellowish coating on the ulcer
• Sensitivity to spicy, acidic, or salty foods

Types of Aphthous Ulcers

There are three main types of aphthous ulcers:

• Minor aphthous ulcers: These are the most common type and are typically small (less than 1 cm in diameter) and heal within 1-2 weeks.
• Major aphthous ulcers: These are larger (greater than 1 cm in diameter) and can take up to 6 weeks to heal.
• Herpetiform aphthous ulcers: These are small, numerous, and often occur in clusters.

Treatment and Management

Treatment for aphthous ulcers usually involves topical medications or home remedies to reduce pain and promote healing. These may include:

• Topical anesthetics, such as lidocaine or benzocaine, to numb the area
• Corticosteroid ointments or gels to reduce inflammation
• Antihistamine mouthwashes to reduce pain and inflammation
• Saltwater rinses to promote healing and reduce bacteria
• Avoiding spicy, acidic, or salty foods that can irritate the ulcer

Prevention

To prevent aphthous ulcers, it is recommended to:

• Maintain good oral hygiene practices, including regular brushing and flossing
• Avoid biting or chewing on the inside of the cheek or tongue
• Eat a balanced diet that includes foods rich in vitamins and minerals
• Manage stress and anxiety through relaxation techniques, such as meditation or deep breathing