Aphthous Ulcer

An aphthous ulcer, also known as a canker sore, is a small, shallow lesion that develops on the soft tissues in the mouth or at the base of the gums. These ulcers are typically round or oval in shape and can be painful, especially when eating, drinking, or speaking.

Causes and Risk Factors

The exact cause of aphthous ulcers is not fully understood, but several factors may contribute to their development, including:

• Trauma to the mouth, such as biting the inside of the cheek or tongue
• Food sensitivities, particularly to acidic or spicy foods
• Hormonal changes during menstruation or menopause
• Nutritional deficiencies, including vitamin B12, iron, or folic acid deficiency
• Stress and anxiety
• Genetic predisposition
• Certain medical conditions, such as celiac disease, Crohn's disease, or ulcerative colitis

Symptoms

The symptoms of an aphthous ulcer may include:

• A small, shallow lesion on the soft tissues in the mouth or at the base of the gums
• Pain or tenderness when eating, drinking, or speaking
• Redness and inflammation around the affected area
• A white or yellowish coating on the ulcer
• Sensitivity to spicy, acidic, or salty foods

Types of Aphthous Ulcers

There are three main types of aphthous ulcers:

• Minor aphthous ulcers: These are the most common type and are typically small (less than 1 cm in diameter) and heal within 1-2 weeks.
• Major aphthous ulcers: These are larger (greater than 1 cm in diameter) and can take up to 6 weeks to heal.
• Herpetiform aphthous ulcers: These are small, numerous, and often occur in clusters.

Treatment and Management

Treatment for aphthous ulcers usually involves topical medications or home remedies to reduce pain and promote healing. These may include:

• Topical anesthetics, such as lidocaine or benzocaine, to numb the area
• Corticosteroid ointments or gels to reduce inflammation
• Antihistamine mouthwashes to reduce pain and inflammation
• Saltwater rinses to promote healing and reduce bacteria
• Avoiding spicy, acidic, or salty foods that can irritate the ulcer

Prevention

To prevent aphthous ulcers, it is recommended to:

• Maintain good oral hygiene practices, including regular brushing and flossing
• Avoid biting or chewing on the inside of the cheek or tongue
• Eat a balanced diet that includes foods rich in vitamins and minerals
• Manage stress and anxiety through relaxation techniques, such as meditation or deep breathing

Frequently Asked Questions (FAQs)

What is an aphthous ulcer?
A small, painful sore in the mouth, also known as a canker sore.

Where do aphthous ulcers typically occur?
On the tongue, inside of cheeks, lips, and gums.

What are the symptoms of aphthous ulcers?
Pain, redness, swelling, and white or yellowish base with a red border.

What causes aphthous ulcers?
Exact cause is unclear, but may be related to stress, trauma, allergies, or nutritional deficiencies.

Are aphthous ulcers contagious?
Generally not considered contagious, but may be triggered by viral infections.

How long do aphthous ulcers last?
Typically 1-2 weeks, but can range from a few days to several weeks.

Can aphthous ulcers be cured?
No cure, but symptoms can be managed with topical treatments and self-care measures.

What are common treatments for aphthous ulcers?
Topical anesthetics, antihistamines, and protective pastes or gels to reduce pain and promote healing.

Can diet affect aphthous ulcers?
Possibly, as some foods like citrus fruits, spicy foods, or nuts may trigger or worsen symptoms in some individuals.

When should I see a doctor for an aphthous ulcer?
If the ulcer is large, painful, or persistent, or if you experience difficulty eating or swallowing.