Antibiotic-Associated Diarrhea

Antibiotic-associated diarrhea (AAD) is a type of diarrhea that occurs as a result of taking antibiotics. It is estimated that up to 30% of patients who take antibiotics will experience some form of gastrointestinal side effects, including diarrhea.

Causes

AAD is caused by the disruption of the normal balance of gut bacteria, also known as the gut microbiome, which is responsible for aiding in digestion and preventing the overgrowth of harmful bacteria. Antibiotics can kill off both good and bad bacteria, leading to an imbalance in the gut microbiome and allowing harmful bacteria to overgrow.

Risk Factors

Certain factors can increase a person's risk of developing AAD, including:

• Taking broad-spectrum antibiotics, which are more likely to disrupt the balance of gut bacteria
• Taking multiple antibiotics at once
• Taking antibiotics for an extended period of time
• Having a weakened immune system
• Being elderly or very young

Symptoms

The symptoms of AAD can vary in severity and may include:

• Diarrhea, which can range from mild to severe
• Abdominal cramps and pain
• Bloating and gas
• Nausea and vomiting
• Fever

Complications

In some cases, AAD can lead to more serious complications, including:

• Clostridioides difficile (C. diff) infection, which is a type of bacterial infection that can cause severe diarrhea and colitis
• Dehydration and electrolyte imbalances
• Malabsorption of nutrients

Treatment

The treatment for AAD typically involves stopping the antibiotic that is causing the symptoms, if possible. In some cases, additional treatments may be necessary, such as:

• Probiotics, which can help to restore the balance of gut bacteria
• Antidiarrheal medications, which can help to slow down bowel movements and reduce diarrhea
• Intravenous fluids and electrolytes, which can help to treat dehydration and electrolyte imbalances

Prevention

To reduce the risk of developing AAD, it is recommended to:

• Only take antibiotics when necessary and for the shortest duration possible
• Take probiotics while taking antibiotics, if recommended by a healthcare provider
• Stay hydrated by drinking plenty of fluids
• Avoid close contact with others to prevent the spread of infection