Angioedema

Angioedema is a medical condition characterized by the rapid swelling of the skin and mucous membranes, often affecting the face, lips, tongue, throat, and extremities.

Causes

• Allergic reactions: Angioedema can be triggered by allergic reactions to foods, medications, insect bites or stings, and other substances.
• Genetic predisposition: Some people may have a genetic tendency to develop angioedema, particularly those with a family history of the condition.
• Hormonal changes: Hormonal fluctuations during menstruation, pregnancy, or menopause can contribute to angioedema in some individuals.
• Medications: Certain medications, such as angiotensin-converting enzyme (ACE) inhibitors, can cause angioedema as a side effect.

Symptoms

• Rapid swelling of the skin and mucous membranes
• Redness and warmth of the affected area
• Pain or tenderness in the affected area
• Difficulty breathing, swallowing, or speaking if the throat is affected
• Nausea and vomiting
• Abdominal cramps
• Diarrhea

Types of Angioedema

• Allergic angioedema: Triggered by an allergic reaction, often accompanied by hives or other symptoms of an allergic response.
• Idiopathic angioedema: Occurs without a known cause or trigger.
• Hereditary angioedema (HAE): A rare genetic disorder that causes recurring episodes of angioedema, often affecting the face, extremities, and gastrointestinal tract.
• Acquired angioedema: Develops later in life, often due to an underlying medical condition or medication use.

Diagnosis

Diagnosing angioedema typically involves a physical examination, medical history, and laboratory tests to rule out other conditions. Tests may include:

• Blood tests to check for allergic reactions or underlying medical conditions
• Imaging studies (e.g., X-rays, CT scans) to evaluate the extent of swelling
• Skin prick testing or blood tests to identify specific allergens

Treatment

Treatment for angioedema depends on the underlying cause and severity of symptoms. Options may include:

• Antihistamines and corticosteroids to reduce inflammation and alleviate symptoms
• Epinephrine injections or auto-injectors (e.g., EpiPen) for severe, life-threatening reactions
• Bronchodilators to help relieve respiratory symptoms
• Pain management medications for discomfort or pain
• Supportive care, such as oxygen therapy and hydration, in severe cases

Complications

If left untreated or poorly managed, angioedema can lead to complications, including:

• Airway obstruction and respiratory failure
• Gastrointestinal symptoms, such as abdominal pain, nausea, and vomiting
• Cardiovascular problems, such as hypotension or cardiac arrhythmias

Prevention

To prevent angioedema, individuals can take the following steps:

• Avoid known allergens and triggers
• Use medications as directed by a healthcare provider
• Carry an EpiPen or other emergency medication if prescribed
• Wear a medical alert necklace or carry a card with important medical information