Amphetamines

Amphetamines are a class of synthetic psychoactive drugs that stimulate the central nervous system (CNS). They are commonly used to treat attention deficit hyperactivity disorder (ADHD) and narcolepsy.

Medical Uses

• Attention Deficit Hyperactivity Disorder (ADHD): Amphetamines, such as Adderall and Vyvanse, are prescribed to help manage symptoms of ADHD, including inattention, hyperactivity, and impulsivity.
• Narcolepsy: Amphetamines, like Ritalin, are used to treat excessive daytime sleepiness associated with narcolepsy.

How Amphetamines Work

Amphetamines increase the levels of certain neurotransmitters in the brain, such as dopamine and norepinephrine. This leads to increased alertness, attention, and energy. They work by:

• Increasing the release of dopamine and norepinephrine
• Blocking the reabsorption of these neurotransmitters
• Enhancing the transmission of signals between neurons

Types of Amphetamines

• Adderall: A combination of amphetamine and dextroamphetamine, commonly used to treat ADHD.
• Vyvanse: A prodrug that is converted into dextroamphetamine in the body, also used to treat ADHD.
• Ritalin: Methylphenidate, a different type of stimulant, but often classified with amphetamines due to similar effects.

Side Effects and Risks

Common side effects of amphetamines include:

• Insomnia
• Anxiety
• Increased heart rate and blood pressure
• Loss of appetite
• Weight loss

More serious risks associated with amphetamine use include:

• Addiction and dependence
• Cardiovascular problems, such as heart attack and stroke
• Psychotic episodes, particularly in individuals with a history of mental health disorders

Contraindications and Interactions

Amphetamines are contraindicated in individuals with:

• Hypersensitivity to amphetamines or other stimulants
• Glaucoma
• Thyroid problems
• Severe anxiety or agitation

Amphetamines can interact with various medications, including:

• Antidepressants, such as MAOIs and SSRIs
• Blood thinners, like warfarin
• Certain antibiotics, such as rifampicin

Regulations and Abuse

Amphetamines are classified as Schedule II controlled substances in the United States due to their high potential for abuse and dependence. They are available only by prescription and are closely monitored by regulatory agencies.