Amenorrhoea

Amenorrhoea is a medical condition characterized by the absence of menstruation, which can be primary or secondary.

Types of Amenorrhoea

• Primary Amenorrhoea: This type occurs when a woman has not had her first menstrual period (menarche) by the age of 16. It is often associated with genetic disorders, hormonal imbalances, or anatomical abnormalities.
• Secondary Amenorrhoea: This type occurs when a woman who has previously had regular menstrual periods stops having them for three months or more. It can be caused by various factors such as pregnancy, breastfeeding, stress, weight changes, or certain medical conditions.

Causes of Amenorrhoea

• Hormonal Imbalances: Polycystic ovary syndrome (PCOS), thyroid disorders, and pituitary gland problems can disrupt the normal hormonal balance, leading to amenorrhoea.
• Anatomical Abnormalities: Issues with the reproductive organs, such as a blocked vagina or uterus, can prevent menstruation.
• Genetic Disorders: Certain genetic conditions, like Turner syndrome, can affect the development of the reproductive system and lead to amenorrhoea.
• Stress and Weight Changes: Significant stress, weight gain or loss, and intense exercise can disrupt the normal menstrual cycle.
• Medical Conditions: Certain conditions, such as premature ovarian failure, adrenal gland disorders, and tumors, can cause amenorrhoea.
• Medications: Some medications, including birth control pills, antidepressants, and blood pressure medications, can affect the menstrual cycle and lead to amenorrhoea.

Symptoms of Amenorrhoea

• Absence of menstruation
• Infertility or difficulty conceiving
• Hirsutism (excessive hair growth)
• Acne
• Weight changes
• Fatigue
• Mood swings

Diagnosis of Amenorrhoea

Diagnosis typically involves a physical examination, medical history, and laboratory tests to rule out underlying conditions. These may include:

• Pelvic exam
• Blood tests to check hormone levels
• Imaging studies (e.g., ultrasound or MRI) to evaluate the reproductive organs
• Thyroid function tests
• Pituitary gland function tests

Treatment of Amenorrhoea

Treatment depends on the underlying cause and may involve:

• Hormone replacement therapy (HRT) to regulate hormonal imbalances
• Medications to stimulate ovulation or menstruation
• Surgery to correct anatomical abnormalities
• Lifestyle changes, such as stress management and weight loss
• Fertility treatments, if desired

Complications of Untreated Amenorrhoea

If left untreated, amenorrhoea can lead to:

• Infertility or difficulty conceiving
• Osteoporosis due to low estrogen levels
• Increased risk of heart disease and stroke
• Emotional distress and mental health concerns