Alpha Fetoprotein (AFP) Tumor Marker Test

The Alpha Fetoprotein (AFP) tumor marker test is a blood test used to measure the level of alpha-fetoprotein in the blood. Alpha-fetoprotein is a protein that is normally produced by the fetus's liver and yolk sac during pregnancy.

What is the purpose of the AFP tumor marker test?

The AFP tumor marker test is used for several purposes:

• Prenatal testing: To screen for potential birth defects, such as neural tube defects (e.g., spina bifida) and Down syndrome, in pregnant women.
• Liver cancer screening: To detect liver cancer, particularly hepatocellular carcinoma, in people with a high risk of developing the disease, such as those with chronic liver disease or cirrhosis.
• Testicular cancer monitoring: To monitor for recurrence of testicular cancer, particularly non-seminomatous germ cell tumors, after treatment.
• Ovarian cancer monitoring: To monitor for recurrence of ovarian cancer, particularly non-epithelial ovarian cancers, after treatment.

How is the AFP tumor marker test performed?

The AFP tumor marker test involves a simple blood draw. A healthcare professional will:

• Insert a needle into a vein in the arm to collect a blood sample.
• Collect the blood sample in a tube and send it to a laboratory for analysis.

What do the results of the AFP tumor marker test mean?

The results of the AFP tumor marker test are measured in nanograms per milliliter (ng/mL). The normal range for AFP levels varies depending on the laboratory and the individual's age, sex, and medical history.

• Normal AFP levels: Typically less than 10-20 ng/mL in adults and less than 100-150 ng/mL in pregnant women.
• Elevated AFP levels: May indicate the presence of a tumor or other medical condition, such as liver cancer, testicular cancer, or ovarian cancer.
• Very high AFP levels: Often associated with more advanced disease or a poorer prognosis.

Limitations and potential false results

The AFP tumor marker test is not perfect and can produce false-positive or false-negative results. Factors that may affect the accuracy of the test include:

• Pregnancy: Elevated AFP levels are normal during pregnancy.
• Liver disease: Certain liver conditions, such as cirrhosis or hepatitis, can cause elevated AFP levels.
• Other medical conditions: Certain medical conditions, such as kidney disease or inflammatory bowel disease, may also affect AFP levels.

Conclusion

The Alpha Fetoprotein (AFP) tumor marker test is a valuable tool for detecting and monitoring certain types of cancer, as well as screening for potential birth defects during pregnancy. However, it is essential to interpret the results in conjunction with other diagnostic tests and medical information to ensure accurate diagnosis and treatment.