Allergic Rhinitis

Allergic rhinitis, also known as hay fever, is a common allergic disorder characterized by an overreaction of the immune system to particles in the air that are typically harmless to most people.

Causes and Triggers

• Pollen from trees, grasses, and weeds
• Dust mites
• Mold spores
• Pet dander (especially from cats and dogs)
• Insect allergens (such as cockroach allergens)

Symptoms

• Sneezing
• Runny or itchy nose
• Nasal congestion or stuffiness
• Itchy, watery, red, or swollen eyes
• Coughing
• Postnasal drip (a sensation of mucus running down the back of the throat)
• Headaches
• Fatigue
• Loss of smell

Types of Allergic Rhinitis

• Seasonal allergic rhinitis: occurs during specific pollen seasons
• Perennial allergic rhinitis: occurs year-round, often due to indoor allergens like dust mites and pet dander

Diagnosis

Diagnosis is typically made based on a combination of:

• Medical history
• Physical examination
• Allergy testing, such as skin prick tests or blood tests (e.g., RAST or ELISA)

Treatment and Management

Treatment options include:

• Avoiding allergens
• Nasal corticosteroids
• Antihistamines
• Decongestants
• Immunotherapy (allergy shots or sublingual immunotherapy)

Complications

If left untreated or poorly managed, allergic rhinitis can lead to:

• Sinusitis
• Asthma
• Nasal polyps
• Eustachian tube dysfunction
• Sleep disturbances

Prevention

To reduce the risk of developing allergic rhinitis or to minimize symptoms:

• Avoid exposure to known allergens
• Use HEPA filters and air purifiers
• Keep homes clean and dust-free
• Wash hands frequently, especially after petting animals
• Consider immunotherapy for long-term relief

Frequently Asked Questions (FAQs)

What is allergic rhinitis?
Allergic rhinitis is an inflammatory condition that occurs when the immune system overreacts to particles in the air.

What are common symptoms of allergic rhinitis?
Symptoms may include sneezing, runny or itchy nose, nasal congestion, and itchy eyes.

What triggers allergic rhinitis?
Triggers can include pollen, dust mites, mold, pet dander, and other airborne allergens.

Is allergic rhinitis seasonal or perennial?
It can be both, depending on the specific allergen, with some people experiencing symptoms year-round and others only during certain times of the year.

How is allergic rhinitis diagnosed?
Diagnosis is typically based on medical history, physical examination, and may include allergy testing such as skin prick tests or blood tests.

What are common treatments for allergic rhinitis?
Treatments may include avoiding allergens, using nasal corticosteroids, antihistamines, decongestants, and immunotherapy in some cases.

Can allergic rhinitis be cured?
While there is no cure, symptoms can often be effectively managed with treatment and avoidance of triggers.

Are there any complications associated with allergic rhinitis?
Possible complications may include sinusitis, ear infections, and exacerbation of asthma in susceptible individuals.

Can allergic rhinitis affect quality of life?
Yes, it can significantly impact daily activities, sleep, and overall well-being if left untreated or poorly managed.

Is allergic rhinitis more common in certain populations?
It appears to be more common in children and young adults, and may have a genetic component, but can affect anyone.