Alcohol Poisoning

Alcohol poisoning, also known as alcohol overdose, occurs when a person drinks a large amount of alcohol in a short period of time, causing their blood alcohol concentration (BAC) to rise to dangerous levels.

Causes and Risk Factors

• Binge drinking: Consuming a large amount of alcohol in a short period of time, typically defined as 4 or more drinks for women and 5 or more drinks for men within a 2-hour period.
• Underage drinking: People under the age of 21 are at higher risk of alcohol poisoning due to their smaller body size and lack of tolerance.
• Drinking games and challenges: Participating in activities that encourage excessive drinking can increase the risk of alcohol poisoning.
• Mixing alcohol with other substances: Combining alcohol with other drugs, such as prescription medications or illicit substances, can increase the risk of adverse reactions and overdose.

Symptoms

• Confusion and disorientation
• Slurred speech and difficulty walking
• Nausea and vomiting
• Seizures
• Slow or irregular breathing
• Blue-tinged skin (cyanosis)
• Unresponsiveness
• Loss of consciousness

Diagnosis

Diagnosis of alcohol poisoning is typically made based on a physical examination, medical history, and laboratory tests, including:

• Blood alcohol concentration (BAC) test: Measures the level of alcohol in the blood.
• Toxicology screen: Tests for the presence of other substances that may be contributing to the poisoning.

Treatment

Treatment for alcohol poisoning typically involves supportive care, including:

• Monitoring vital signs and breathing
• Providing oxygen therapy if necessary
• Administering intravenous fluids to prevent dehydration
• Medications to control seizures or vomiting
• Gastric lavage (stomach pumping) in severe cases

Complications

If left untreated, alcohol poisoning can lead to serious complications, including:

• Respiratory failure: The person may stop breathing or experience slow or irregular breathing.
• Cardiac arrest: The heart may stop beating due to the toxic effects of alcohol on the heart muscle.
• Hypothermia: The person's body temperature may drop, leading to confusion, shivering, and eventually coma or death.
• Seizures: Alcohol withdrawal seizures can occur when the person stops drinking or reduces their intake.
• Brain damage: Prolonged lack of oxygen to the brain can cause permanent damage or even death.

Prevention

To prevent alcohol poisoning, it is essential to:

• Drink responsibly and in moderation
• Avoid binge drinking and drinking games
• Eat before and while drinking to slow down the absorption of alcohol
• Stay hydrated by drinking water or other non-alcoholic beverages
• Never leave an intoxicated person alone or unattended