AIDS and HIV Infection

What is HIV?

HIV (Human Immunodeficiency Virus) is a viral infection that attacks the body's immune system, specifically the CD4 cells (T cells), which help the immune system fight off infections. If left untreated, HIV can lead to AIDS (Acquired Immune Deficiency Syndrome).

What is AIDS?

AIDS is the most advanced stage of HIV infection. It occurs when the body's immune system is severely damaged and can no longer fight off opportunistic infections and diseases. People with AIDS are more susceptible to illnesses such as pneumonia, tuberculosis, and cancer.

Symptoms of HIV Infection

• Flu-like symptoms: fever, chills, rash, sore throat, and muscle aches (within 2-4 weeks after infection)
• Swollen lymph nodes
• Diarrhea
• Weight loss
• Fatigue
• Night sweats
• Mouth sores
• Recurring infections, such as pneumonia or tuberculosis
• Certain types of cancer, such as Kaposi's sarcoma or lymphoma

Symptoms of AIDS

• Severe weight loss and wasting
• Chronic diarrhea
• Soaking night sweats
• Recurring fever
• Persistent fatigue
• Swollen lymph nodes
• Certain types of cancer, such as Kaposi's sarcoma or lymphoma
• Opportunistic infections, such as pneumonia, tuberculosis, or toxoplasmosis

Treatments for HIV Infection

The primary treatment for HIV infection is antiretroviral therapy (ART), which involves taking a combination of medications to suppress the virus and prevent it from progressing to AIDS. There are several classes of ART medications, including:

• Nucleoside reverse transcriptase inhibitors (NRTIs)
• Non-nucleoside reverse transcriptase inhibitors (NNRTIs)
• Protease inhibitors (PIs)
• Integrase strand transfer inhibitors (INSTIs)
• Fusion inhibitors
• CCR5 antagonists

Treatments for AIDS

Treatment for AIDS typically involves a combination of ART medications, as well as medications to prevent and treat opportunistic infections. In some cases, hospitalization may be necessary to manage severe symptoms or complications.

• Antibiotics to treat bacterial infections
• Antiviral medications to treat viral infections
• Antifungal medications to treat fungal infections
• Cancer treatments, such as chemotherapy or radiation therapy

Prevention and Transmission

HIV is primarily transmitted through:

• Unprotected sex with an infected person
• Sharing needles or syringes with an infected person
• Mother-to-child transmission during pregnancy, childbirth, or breastfeeding
• Blood transfusions from an infected donor (rare in developed countries)

Diagnosis and Testing

HIV infection can be diagnosed through:

• Rapid tests: provide results within 30 minutes
• ELISA (enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay) tests: provide results within several days
• Western blot tests: confirm the presence of HIV antibodies
• Viral load tests: measure the amount of HIV in the blood
• CD4 cell count tests: measure the number of CD4 cells in the blood

Living with HIV and AIDS

While there is no cure for HIV or AIDS, people with the infection can lead long and healthy lives with proper treatment and care. This includes:

• Adhering to ART medication regimens
• Practicing safe sex and using condoms
• Avoiding sharing needles or syringes
• Maintaining a healthy diet and lifestyle
• Regularly monitoring CD4 cell counts and viral loads