Adult Congenital Heart Disease

Adult congenital heart disease (ACHD) refers to a group of conditions that are present at birth and affect the structure and function of the heart. These conditions can range from simple to complex and may require ongoing medical care throughout a person's life.

Causes and Risk Factors

Congenital heart defects are caused by abnormal development of the heart during fetal growth. The exact cause is often unknown, but certain risk factors increase the likelihood of having a child with a congenital heart defect. These include:

• Family history of congenital heart disease
• Pregnancy complications, such as maternal diabetes or rubella infection
• Genetic syndromes, such as Down syndrome
• Certain medications taken during pregnancy

Types of Adult Congenital Heart Disease

There are many types of congenital heart defects that can affect adults. Some common examples include:

• Atrial septal defect (ASD): a hole in the wall between the upper chambers of the heart
• Ventricular septal defect (VSD): a hole in the wall between the lower chambers of the heart
• Tetralogy of Fallot: a combination of four defects, including VSD, pulmonary stenosis, right ventricular hypertrophy, and an overriding aorta
• Coarctation of the aorta: narrowing of the aorta, which can lead to high blood pressure and other complications

Symptoms and Diagnosis

Adults with congenital heart disease may experience a range of symptoms, including:

• Shortness of breath or fatigue during exercise
• Chest pain or palpitations
• Swelling in the legs, ankles, or feet
• High blood pressure

Diagnosis is typically made using a combination of physical examination, medical history, and diagnostic tests, such as:

• Echocardiogram: an ultrasound test that uses sound waves to create images of the heart
• Electrocardiogram (ECG or EKG): a test that measures the electrical activity of the heart
• Chest X-ray: a test that uses radiation to create images of the heart and lungs
• Cardiac catheterization: a procedure that involves inserting a catheter into an artery in the leg and guiding it to the heart to measure blood pressure and take blood samples

Treatment and Management

Treatment for adult congenital heart disease depends on the specific condition and severity of symptoms. Options may include:

• Medications: such as beta blockers, ACE inhibitors, or diuretics to manage symptoms and prevent complications
• Catheter-based interventions: such as balloon angioplasty or stenting to open narrowed blood vessels
• Surgery: such as repair or replacement of defective heart valves or septal defects
• Heart transplantation: in severe cases where other treatments are not effective

Complications and Prognosis

Adults with congenital heart disease are at risk for developing complications, such as:

• Heart failure: when the heart is unable to pump enough blood to meet the body's needs
• Arrhythmias: abnormal heart rhythms that can increase the risk of stroke or sudden death
• Pulmonary hypertension: high blood pressure in the lungs, which can lead to shortness of breath and fatigue
• Endocarditis: infection of the inner lining of the heart

The prognosis for adults with congenital heart disease varies depending on the specific condition and severity of symptoms. With proper medical care and management, many people with ACHD can lead active and healthy lives.